Toprak-Kala, located in modern-day Uzbekistan, was an ancient palace city and the capital of Chorasmia in the 2nd/3rd century CE. It was built by Artav (Artabanos), ruler of Khwarezm, around the 1st or 2nd century CE. The site was explored in 1938, revealing wall paintings, coins, and archives dating back to the 1st to 5th century CE. Toprak-Kala was under the influence of the Kushan Empire during the 2nd century CE, as evidenced by the discovery of coins and sculptures reflecting Hellenistic styles. Nearby, the Kyzyl-Kala fortress, possibly a defense for Toprak-Kala, was also built in the 1st-4th century CE.